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	~~#redirect~~ [[~~Neuropathology#Hypoxic-ischemic_encephalopathy~~]]		'''Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy''', abbreviated '''HIE''', is a common [[neuropathology]] encountered at [[autopsy]].

			==General==
			*Often due to ''cardiac arrest'', i.e. global ischemia.
			*Triple watershed area = parieto-occipital cortex, extrastriate occipital cortex.

			Note:
			*''Hypoxia'' = blood decreased oxygen carrying capacity,<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_10>{{Ref PCPBoD8\|10}}</ref> e.g. [[anemia]].
			*''Ischemia'' = decreased blood flow.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_10>{{Ref PCPBoD8\|10}}</ref>
			*Either ''or'' both = less oxygen delivery to tissue.
			==Microscopic==
			Features:
			*Hippocampal ischemic changes (in adults):
			**Loss of neurons in CA1, CA3 and CA4 +/- "cavitation".
			***Neuronal loss: No blue (nuclei) where there should be some.
			***Cavitation: bubbles/clear spaces where there should be none.
			**CA2 neurons preserved/resistant.
			*Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum and [[Bergmann gliosis]].
			*"Anoxic neurons".<ref>URL: [http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html]. Accessed on: 12 July 2010.</ref>
			**Shrunken neurons with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic (shrunken) nuclei.
			*Pseudolaminar necrosis - (uncontrolled) cell death in the cerebral cortex in a band-like pattern,<ref>Hypoxic and Ischemic Encephalopathy. neuropathology.neoucom.edu. Accessed on: 29 December 2010.</ref> with a relative preservation of cells immediately adjacent to the meninges.

			Notes:
			*Neurons of ''subiculum'' in adults - usu. normal (as they are resistant to ischemic changes).
			===Images===
			*Anoxic neurons:
			**[http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/images2/2-1HIE.jpg Anoxic neurons (neuropathologyweb.org)].
			**[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/APAQ-Images/N1-MS-01-16.gif Anoxic neurons (ouhsc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-16-Ans.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-16-Ans.htm] and [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
			<gallery>
			Image:Alzheimer_type_II_astrocyte_high_mag_cropped.jpg \| Anoxic neurons. (WC)
			</gallery>
			*Hippocampal ischemic changes:
			**[http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/images2/2-hippoHIE.jpg Hippocampus in HIE (neuropathologyweb.org)].<ref>URL: [http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html]. Accessed on: 14 January 2011.</ref>
			*Pseudolaminar necrosis:
			<gallery>
			Image:Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis_-_lfb_-_very_low_mag.jpg \| Pseudolaminar necrosis - very low mag. (WC)
			Image:Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis_-_lfb_-_intermed_mag.jpg \| Pseudolaminar necrosis - intermed. mag. (WC)
			</gallery>

			==See also==
			*[[Neuropathology]].

			==References==
			{{Reflist\|2}}

			[[Category:Neuropathology]]
	[[Category:Diagnosis]]		[[Category:Diagnosis]]

Michael: redirect w/ cat.

2011-11-26T22:38:58Z

redirect w/ cat.

New page

#redirect [[Neuropathology#Hypoxic-ischemic_encephalopathy]]

[[Category:Diagnosis]]

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy - Revision history

Michael: split out

Michael: redirect w/ cat.