Isochromosome 12p - Revision history

Michael: typo

2023-10-31T16:10:08Z

typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 31 October 2023
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	i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>		i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>

	Can be ~~detect~~ with [[NGS]] and/or [[FISH]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		Can be detected with [[NGS]] and/or [[FISH]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

Michael at 16:50, 13 October 2023

2023-10-13T16:50:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:50, 13 October 2023
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	i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>		i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>

	Can be detect with NGS and or FISH.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		Can be detect with [[NGS]] and/or [[FISH]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

Michael at 16:49, 13 October 2023

2023-10-13T16:49:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:49, 13 October 2023
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	Can be detect with NGS and or FISH.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		Can be detect with NGS and or FISH.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>



	==See also==		==See also==
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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist\|1}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:Molecular pathology]]		[[Category:Molecular pathology]]
	[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]		[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]

Michael at 16:48, 13 October 2023

2023-10-13T16:48:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 13 October 2023
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	'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated '''i(12p)''', a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated '''i(12p)''', a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>

	i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>		i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>

			Can be detect with NGS and or FISH.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F \|title=The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction \|journal=Histopathology \|volume=78 \|issue=4 \|pages=593–606 \|date=March 2021 \|pmid=32970854 \|doi=10.1111/his.14258 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>



	==See also==		==See also==

Michael at 16:34, 13 October 2023

2023-10-13T16:34:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 13 October 2023
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	[[Image: Isochromosome.gif \|thumb\|Schematic description of an isochromosome (Kazulanth/WC).]]		[[Image: Isochromosome.gif \|thumb\|Schematic description of an isochromosome (Kazulanth/WC).]]
	'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated i(12p), a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated '''i(12p)''', a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>

	i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>		i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>

Michael at 16:33, 13 October 2023

2023-10-13T16:33:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 13 October 2023
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			[[Image: Isochromosome.gif \|thumb\|Schematic description of an isochromosome (Kazulanth/WC).]]
	'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated i(12p), a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated i(12p), a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>

Michael at 16:30, 13 October 2023

2023-10-13T16:30:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 13 October 2023
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	'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated i(12p), a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>		'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated i(12p), a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S \|title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing \|journal=Hum Pathol \|volume=112 \|issue= \|pages=20–34 \|date=June 2021 \|pmid=33798590 \|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 \|url=}}</ref>

			i(12p) is seen in approximately 80% of male germ cell tumours.<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Bosl GJ, Ilson DH, Rodriguez E, Motzer RJ, Reuter VE, Chaganti RS \|title=Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors \|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|pages=349–55 \|date=March 1994 \|pmid=8308927 \|doi=10.1093/jnci/86.5.349 \|url=}}</ref>

			==See also==
			*[[Molecular pathology]].

	==References==		==References==

Michael: create

2023-10-13T16:28:53Z

create

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'''Isochromosome 12p''', abbreviated i(12p), a genetic abnormality associated with [[germ cell tumours]].<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Freitag CE, Sukov WR, Bryce AH, Berg JV, Vanderbilt CM, Shen W, Smadbeck JB, Greipp PT, Ketterling RP, Jenkins RB, Herrera-Hernandez L, Costello BA, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Leibovich BC, Jimenez RE, Murphy SJ, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Gupta S |title=Assessment of isochromosome 12p and 12p abnormalities in germ cell tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and next-generation sequencing/mate-pair sequencing |journal=Hum Pathol |volume=112 |issue= |pages=20–34 |date=June 2021 |pmid=33798590 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.008 |url=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

[[Category:Molecular pathology]]
[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]