Neuroanatomy - Revision history

Jensflorian: +added pictures and some general overview

2015-04-14T08:13:46Z

+added pictures and some general overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 14 April 2015
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	==Anatomy==		==Anatomy==
	===General===		===General===
			* Central nervous system (CNS): Brain, spinal cord.
			*Cortex:
			**Cerebral lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula.
			*Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus.
			*Mesencephalon: Colliculi (superior, inferior).
			*Metencephalon: Pons, cerebellum.
			*Myelencephalon: Medulla.
			*Ventricular system:
			**Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aquaeduct, fourth ventricle, subrachnoid space.
			*Meninges:
			**Outer Covering, CSF circulation, buoyancy of brain.
			**Falx cerebri (between hemispheres), Tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum).

	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Brain_autopsy_top_view.jpg \| Brain: Top view		File:Brain_autopsy_top_view.jpg \| Brain: Top view
	File:Brain_autopsy_bottom_view.jpg \| Brain: Bottom view		File:Brain_autopsy_bottom_view.jpg \| Brain: Bottom view
	File:Brain_autopsy_lateral_view.jpg \| Brain: Lateral view		File:Brain_autopsy_lateral_view.jpg \| Brain: Lateral view
	File:Blausen 0104 Brain x-secs SectionalPlanes.png \| Orientation planes		File:Blausen 0104 Brain x-secs SectionalPlanes.png \| Orientation planes (WC/blausen staff)
			File:1202_White_and_Gray_Matter.jpg \| Gray and white matter
	</gallery>		</gallery>


	===Important===		===Important===
			*Basal ganglia
			**Includes: Nucleus caudatus, putamen, pallidum, subthalamus, substantia nigra
			**Part of the forebrain.
			**Caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum.
			**Pallidum + putamen = lenticular nucleus.
			<gallery>
			File:Blausen_0076_BasalGanglia.png \| Schematic overview (WC/blausen staff)
			File:Basal_ganglia_1.jpg \| Section with descriptions (WC/SMH)
			</gallery>

	*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').		*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').
			<gallery>
			File:Uncus_animation_small.gif \| Position of the uncus
			File:Slide2cuc.JPG \| Uncus bottom view (WC/Anatomist90)
			</gallery>

	*Cerebellar tonsils (as in ''tonsillar herniation'').		*Cerebellar tonsils (as in ''tonsillar herniation'').

Jensflorian: Neuropathological dissection added

2015-03-27T11:49:16Z

Neuropathological dissection added

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 27 March 2015
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	==Anatomy==		==Anatomy==
			===General===
			<gallery>
			File:Brain_autopsy_top_view.jpg \| Brain: Top view
			File:Brain_autopsy_bottom_view.jpg \| Brain: Bottom view
			File:Brain_autopsy_lateral_view.jpg \| Brain: Lateral view
			File:Blausen 0104 Brain x-secs SectionalPlanes.png \| Orientation planes
			</gallery>


	===Important===		===Important===
	*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').		*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').
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	* Primary bone tumours - [[osteosarcoma]], osteochondroma, [[chondrosarcoma]].		* Primary bone tumours - [[osteosarcoma]], osteochondroma, [[chondrosarcoma]].
	* Mets (lung, breast, etc.).		* Mets (lung, breast, etc.).

			==Neuropathological dissection (autopsy)==
			Brain fixation after removal: Usually 14 days

			*Check brain for:
			** Lesions
			** edema (might be not visible but tissue is softer than normal)
			** hemorrhage
			** Discolorations
			** Asymmetry (midline shift)
			** herniation (subfalxial, uncal, tonsillar)
			** vascular abnormalities

			<gallery>
			File:MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2.JPG \| Asymmetry (midline shift) indicating lesions (stroke, tumor)
			File:Brain_autopsy_hemorrhage_bottom_view.JPG \| Brain hemorrhage
			File:Autopsy brain.jpg \| Atrophy: widespread sulci, often seen in neurodegenerative diseases
			File:Alexander autopsy.jpg \| Brown discolorations indicating demyelinisation
			</gallery>


	==Sampling - sections (autopsy)==		==Sampling - sections (autopsy)==

Jensflorian: /* Important */ added pictures from WC

2015-03-27T10:14:14Z

Important: added pictures from WC

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:14, 27 March 2015
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	*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').		*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').
	*Cerebellar tonsils (as in ''tonsillar herniation'').		*Cerebellar tonsils (as in ''tonsillar herniation'').

			*Hippocampus (as in ''hippocampal sclerosis'').
			<gallery>
			File:Hippocampus.png \| Location of the hippocampus in the brain (WC/Washington irving)
			File:Human temporal lobe areas.png \| Hippocampus is marked blue on this coronar section (PLoS/Talbot et al.)
			File:Hippocampus macroscopy.jpg\| Macroscopic specimen after formalin fixation showing hippocampus in coronar section (WC)
			</gallery>

	*Longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into hemispheres.		*Longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into hemispheres.
			<gallery>
			File:Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum.gif\| Animation showing position of longitudinal fissure in the brain (WC)
			File:Human brain longitudinal fissure.png \| Superior view on longitudinal fissure (WC)
			</gallery>
	*Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure, lateral fissure) - separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe & parietal lobe.		*Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure, lateral fissure) - separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe & parietal lobe.
			<gallery>
			File:Lateral sulcus.gif \| Animation showing position of lateral sulcus in the brain (WC)
			File:Human brain lateral view description.JPG \| Fixated brain, lateral view. The sulcus centralis is marked with 5 (WC)
			</gallery>
	*Central sulcus - separate ''parietal lobe'' from ''frontal lobe''.		*Central sulcus - separate ''parietal lobe'' from ''frontal lobe''.
			<gallery>
			File:Central sulcus animation.gif\|Animation displaying position of central sulcus (WC)
			File:Central sulcus superior view.png\| Superior view on central sulcus (WC)
			File:Human brain lateral view description.JPG \| Fixated brain, lateral view. The sulcus centralis is marked with 6 (WC)
			</gallery>
	*Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon (midbrain).<ref>{{Ref Martini6\|466}}</ref>		*Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon (midbrain).<ref>{{Ref Martini6\|466}}</ref>
			<gallery>
			File:1311 Brain Stem.jpg \| The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagital section of a human brain (WC)
			File:Slide2RAFA.JPG \| Anterior view on a formalin fixated brainstem (WC).
			File:Human brain frontal (coronal) section.JPG \| Coronal section through brainstem and hemispheres (WC)
			</gallery>

	===Less important===		===Less important===

Michael: /* DDx based on locationURL: http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html. Accessed on: 21 September 2010. */

2013-12-29T23:50:15Z

DDx based on locationURL: http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html. Accessed on: 21 September 2010.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:50, 29 December 2013
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	Intradural:		Intradural:
	* [[Meningioma]].		* [[Meningioma]].
	* ~~Neurofibromas~~.		* [[Neurofibroma]]s.
	* Schwannoma.		* [[Schwannoma]].
	* Arachnoid cyst.		* [[Arachnoid cyst]].
	Extradural:		Extradural:
	* [[Chordoma]].		* [[Chordoma]].
	* [[Schwannoma]].		* [[Schwannoma]].
	* Sarcoma.		* [[Sarcoma]].
	* Plasmacytoma.		* [[Plasmacytoma]].
	* Primary bone ~~tumors~~ - [[osteosarcoma]], osteochondroma, [[chondrosarcoma]].		* Primary bone tumours - [[osteosarcoma]], osteochondroma, [[chondrosarcoma]].
	* Mets (lung, breast, etc.).		* Mets (lung, breast, etc.).

Michael: /* Images */

2013-12-29T23:48:22Z

Images

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:48, 29 December 2013
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	====Images====		====Images====
	<~~galllery~~>		<gallery>
	Image:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg \| Circle of Willis. (WC)		Image:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg \| Circle of Willis. (WC)
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Michael: /* Vascular structures */

2013-12-29T23:48:10Z

Vascular structures

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:48, 29 December 2013
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	**Branch off ''vertebral arteries''.		**Branch off ''vertebral arteries''.

	Images:		====Images====
	*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg Circle of Willis (WP)~~] .~~		<galllery>
			Image:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg \| Circle of Willis. (WC)
			</gallery>
			www:
	*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/CNS334A.html Interactive schematic (utah.edu)].		*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/CNS334A.html Interactive schematic (utah.edu)].

Michael: /* Sampling - sections (autopsy) */

2013-06-06T19:56:58Z

Sampling - sections (autopsy)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 6 June 2013
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	Standard histologic sections:		Standard histologic sections:
	{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"		{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
	\|		! '''Site'''
	\| '''Routine'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto164>{{Ref HospAuto\|164}}}}</ref>		! '''Routine'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto164>{{Ref HospAuto\|164}}}}</ref>
	\| '''Head injury'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto174>{{Ref HospAuto\|176}}}}</ref>		! '''Head injury'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto174>{{Ref HospAuto\|176}}}}</ref>
	\| '''[[Epilepsy]]'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto179>{{Ref HospAuto\|179}}}}</ref>		! '''[[Epilepsy]]'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto179>{{Ref HospAuto\|179}}}}</ref>
	\| '''[[Dementia]]'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto180>{{Ref HospAuto\|180}}}}</ref>		! '''[[Dementia]]'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto180>{{Ref HospAuto\|180}}}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| Frontal cortex		\| Frontal cortex

Michael: /* Nucleus accumbens */ fix

2013-06-06T19:56:11Z

Nucleus accumbens: fix

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 6 June 2013
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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Image:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif NAcc - sagittal. (WC)		Image:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif \|NAcc - sagittal. (WC)
	Image:Nucleus_accumbens_MRI.PNG NAcc - frontal. (WC)		Image:Nucleus_accumbens_MRI.PNG \|NAcc - frontal. (WC)
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	====Nucleus basalis of Meynert====		====Nucleus basalis of Meynert====
	*Abbreviated ''NBM''.		*Abbreviated ''NBM''.

Michael: /* Less important */ +images

2013-06-06T19:55:53Z

Less important: +images

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 6 June 2013
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	====Nucleus accumbens====		====Nucleus accumbens====
	*Abbreviated ''NAcc'' - inferior-medial to where the internal capsule ends; anterior of optic chiasm.		*Abbreviated ''NAcc'' - inferior-medial to where the internal capsule ends; anterior of optic chiasm.
	**Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif NAcc - sagittal (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleus_accumbens_MRI.PNG NAcc - frontal (WC)].

			<gallery>
			Image:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif NAcc - sagittal. (WC)
			Image:Nucleus_accumbens_MRI.PNG NAcc - frontal. (WC)
			</gallery>
	====Nucleus basalis of Meynert====		====Nucleus basalis of Meynert====
	*Abbreviated ''NBM''.		*Abbreviated ''NBM''.
	*Inferior of the globus pallidus; makes acetylcholine.		*Inferior of the globus pallidus; makes acetylcholine.
	**Images: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-l-_very_low_mag.jpg NBM - very low mag. (WC)~~], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File~~:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-_intermed_mag.jpg NBM - intermed. mag. (WC)].
			<gallery>
			Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-l-_very_low_mag.jpg \| NBM - very low mag. (WC)
			Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-_intermed_mag.jpg \| NBM - intermed. mag. (WC)
			</gallery>

	====Locus ceruleus====		====Locus ceruleus====
	:See also: ''[[Neurohistology#Locus_ceruleus]]''.		:See also: ''[[Neurohistology#Locus_ceruleus]]''.
	*Blue dots - anterior to 4th ventricle in the pons.		*Blue dots - anterior to 4th ventricle in the pons.
	**Images: [http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/micn/ Midbrain - interactive - shows locus ceruleus (temple.edu)].
			Images:
			*[http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/micn/ Midbrain - interactive - shows locus ceruleus (temple.edu)].

	===Other - trivia===		===Other - trivia===

Michael: /* DDx based on locationURL: http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html. Accessed on: 21 September 2010. */

2012-04-30T16:55:00Z

DDx based on locationURL: http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html. Accessed on: 21 September 2010.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:55, 30 April 2012
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	* Non-tumour:		* Non-tumour:
	** Abscess.		** Abscess.
	** Infarct.		** [[Infarct]].
	** Hematoma.		** Hematoma.
	Intradural:		Intradural: