Parathyroid glands - Revision history

Michael: /* Thyroid versus parathyroid */

2021-02-22T17:24:17Z

Thyroid versus parathyroid

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:24, 22 February 2021
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	Notes:		Notes:
	*Thyroid often has birefringent (calcium oxalate) crystals (60 of 80 cases) whereas parathyroid less often does (2 or 20 cases).<ref name=pmid24618617>{{cite journal \|authors=Wong KS, Lewis JS, Gottipati S, Chernock RD \|title=Utility of birefringent crystal identification by polarized light microscopy in distinguishing thyroid from parathyroid tissue on intraoperative frozen sections \|journal=Am J Surg Pathol \|volume=38 \|issue=9 \|pages=1212–9 \|date=September 2014 \|pmid=24618617 \|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000204 \|url=}}</ref>		*Thyroid often has birefringent (calcium oxalate) crystals (60 of 80 cases) whereas parathyroid less often does (2 or 20 cases).<ref name=pmid24618617>{{cite journal \|authors=Wong KS, Lewis JS, Gottipati S, Chernock RD \|title=Utility of birefringent crystal identification by polarized light microscopy in distinguishing thyroid from parathyroid tissue on intraoperative frozen sections \|journal=Am J Surg Pathol \|volume=38 \|issue=9 \|pages=1212–9 \|date=September 2014 \|pmid=24618617 \|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000204 \|url=}}</ref>
			*Thyroid usually follicular - though parathyroid occasionally is pseudofollicular.

	====Parathyroid versus lymphoid tissue====		====Parathyroid versus lymphoid tissue====

Michael: /* Thyroid versus parathyroid */

2021-02-22T17:22:13Z

Thyroid versus parathyroid

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 22 February 2021
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	Notes:		Notes:
	*Thyroid often has calcium oxalate crystals (60 of 80 cases) whereas parathyroid less often does (2 or 20 cases).<ref name=pmid24618617>{{cite journal \|authors=Wong KS, Lewis JS, Gottipati S, Chernock RD \|title=Utility of birefringent crystal identification by polarized light microscopy in distinguishing thyroid from parathyroid tissue on intraoperative frozen sections \|journal=Am J Surg Pathol \|volume=38 \|issue=9 \|pages=1212–9 \|date=September 2014 \|pmid=24618617 \|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000204 \|url=}}</ref>		*Thyroid often has birefringent (calcium oxalate) crystals (60 of 80 cases) whereas parathyroid less often does (2 or 20 cases).<ref name=pmid24618617>{{cite journal \|authors=Wong KS, Lewis JS, Gottipati S, Chernock RD \|title=Utility of birefringent crystal identification by polarized light microscopy in distinguishing thyroid from parathyroid tissue on intraoperative frozen sections \|journal=Am J Surg Pathol \|volume=38 \|issue=9 \|pages=1212–9 \|date=September 2014 \|pmid=24618617 \|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000204 \|url=}}</ref>

	====Parathyroid versus lymphoid tissue====		====Parathyroid versus lymphoid tissue====

Michael: /* Thyroid versus parathyroid */ +add AJSP, rm dead link

2021-02-22T17:21:01Z

Thyroid versus parathyroid: +add AJSP, rm dead link

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:21, 22 February 2021
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	**Hyperchromatic.		**Hyperchromatic.

	~~See~~: ~~[http://instruction~~.~~cvhs~~.~~okstate~~.~~edu/Histology/HistologyReference/imagesco~~/~~parathyroid2F.jpg Parathyroid image (okstate.edu)].~~		Notes:
			*Thyroid often has calcium oxalate crystals (60 of 80 cases) whereas parathyroid less often does (2 or 20 cases).<ref name=pmid24618617>{{cite journal \|authors=Wong KS, Lewis JS, Gottipati S, Chernock RD \|title=Utility of birefringent crystal identification by polarized light microscopy in distinguishing thyroid from parathyroid tissue on intraoperative frozen sections \|journal=Am J Surg Pathol \|volume=38 \|issue=9 \|pages=1212–9 \|date=September 2014 \|pmid=24618617 \|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000204 \|url=}}</ref>

	====Parathyroid versus lymphoid tissue====		====Parathyroid versus lymphoid tissue====

Michael: /* IHC */

2019-11-18T19:16:44Z

IHC

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 18 November 2019
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	*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).		*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).
	*Chromogranin A +ve (~80%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).		*Chromogranin A +ve (~80%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).
			*AE1/AE3 +ve.{{fact}}<!-- {{Cite journal \| last1 = Piciu \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Irimie \| first2 = A. \| last3 = Kontogeorgos \| first3 = G. \| last4 = Piciu \| first4 = A. \| last5 = Buiga \| first5 = R. \| title = Highly aggressive pathology of non-functional parathyroid carcinoma. \| journal = Orphanet J Rare Dis \| volume = 8 \| issue = \| pages = 115 \| month = Aug \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-8-115 \| PMID = 23915575 }} -->

	=Specific entities=		=Specific entities=

Michael: /* IHC */

2019-11-18T19:09:21Z

IHC

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 18 November 2019
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	*GATA3 +ve (>98%<ref name=pmid27097544>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Takada \| first1 = N. \| last2 = Hirokawa \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Suzuki \| first3 = A. \| last4 = Higuchi \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Kuma \| first5 = S. \| last6 = Miyauchi \| first6 = A. \| title = Diagnostic value of GATA-3 in cytological identification of parathyroid tissues. \| journal = Endocr J \| volume = 63 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 621-6 \| month = Jul \| year = 2016 \| doi = 10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0700 \| PMID = 27097544 }}</ref>).		*GATA3 +ve (>98%<ref name=pmid27097544>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Takada \| first1 = N. \| last2 = Hirokawa \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Suzuki \| first3 = A. \| last4 = Higuchi \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Kuma \| first5 = S. \| last6 = Miyauchi \| first6 = A. \| title = Diagnostic value of GATA-3 in cytological identification of parathyroid tissues. \| journal = Endocr J \| volume = 63 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 621-6 \| month = Jul \| year = 2016 \| doi = 10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0700 \| PMID = 27097544 }}</ref>).
	*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).		*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).
	*Chromogranin A +ve (~80% <ref name=pmid27097544/>).		*Chromogranin A +ve (~80%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).

	=Specific entities=		=Specific entities=

Michael: /* IHC */

2019-11-18T19:09:10Z

IHC

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 18 November 2019
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	===IHC===		===IHC===
	*GATA3 +ve (>98%).<ref name=pmid27097544>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Takada \| first1 = N. \| last2 = Hirokawa \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Suzuki \| first3 = A. \| last4 = Higuchi \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Kuma \| first5 = S. \| last6 = Miyauchi \| first6 = A. \| title = Diagnostic value of GATA-3 in cytological identification of parathyroid tissues. \| journal = Endocr J \| volume = 63 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 621-6 \| month = Jul \| year = 2016 \| doi = 10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0700 \| PMID = 27097544 }}</ref>		*GATA3 +ve (>98%<ref name=pmid27097544>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Takada \| first1 = N. \| last2 = Hirokawa \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Suzuki \| first3 = A. \| last4 = Higuchi \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Kuma \| first5 = S. \| last6 = Miyauchi \| first6 = A. \| title = Diagnostic value of GATA-3 in cytological identification of parathyroid tissues. \| journal = Endocr J \| volume = 63 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 621-6 \| month = Jul \| year = 2016 \| doi = 10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0700 \| PMID = 27097544 }}</ref>).
	*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).		*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).
	*Chromogranin A +ve (~80% <ref name=pmid27097544/>).		*Chromogranin A +ve (~80% <ref name=pmid27097544/>).

Michael: /* Normal parathyroid glands */

2019-11-18T19:08:11Z

Normal parathyroid glands

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:08, 18 November 2019
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	*[http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.jpg Parathyroid image (deltagen.com)].		*[http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.jpg Parathyroid image (deltagen.com)].
	*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770637/figure/f1/ Parathyroid gland (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid15790694>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Johnson \| first1 = SJ. \| last2 = Sheffield \| first2 = EA. \| last3 = McNicol \| first3 = AM. \| title = Best practice no 183. Examination of parathyroid gland specimens. \| journal = J Clin Pathol \| volume = 58 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 338-42 \| month = Apr \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.1136/jcp.2002.002550 \| PMID = 15790694 \| pmc = 1770637 }}</ref>		*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770637/figure/f1/ Parathyroid gland (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid15790694>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Johnson \| first1 = SJ. \| last2 = Sheffield \| first2 = EA. \| last3 = McNicol \| first3 = AM. \| title = Best practice no 183. Examination of parathyroid gland specimens. \| journal = J Clin Pathol \| volume = 58 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 338-42 \| month = Apr \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.1136/jcp.2002.002550 \| PMID = 15790694 \| pmc = 1770637 }}</ref>

			===IHC===
			*GATA3 +ve (>98%).<ref name=pmid27097544>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Takada \| first1 = N. \| last2 = Hirokawa \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Suzuki \| first3 = A. \| last4 = Higuchi \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Kuma \| first5 = S. \| last6 = Miyauchi \| first6 = A. \| title = Diagnostic value of GATA-3 in cytological identification of parathyroid tissues. \| journal = Endocr J \| volume = 63 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 621-6 \| month = Jul \| year = 2016 \| doi = 10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0700 \| PMID = 27097544 }}</ref>
			*PTH -ve/+ve (~33%<ref name=pmid27097544/>).
			*Chromogranin A +ve (~80% <ref name=pmid27097544/>).

	=Specific entities=		=Specific entities=

Michael: /* Genetics */

2019-03-18T23:31:37Z

Genetics

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:31, 18 March 2019
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	====Genetics====		====Genetics====
	Genes implicated in hyperparathyroidism:<ref name=pmid22187299>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Starker \| first1 = LF. \| last2 = Akerström \| first2 = T. \| last3 = Long \| first3 = WD. \| last4 = Delgado-Verdugo \| first4 = A. \| last5 = Donovan \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Udelsman \| first6 = R. \| last7 = Lifton \| first7 = RP. \| last8 = Carling \| first8 = T. \| title = Frequent germ-line mutations of the MEN1, CASR, and HRPT2/CDC73 genes in young patients with clinically non-familial primary hyperparathyroidism. \| journal = Horm Cancer \| volume = 3 \| issue = 1-2 \| pages = 44-51 \| month = Apr \| year = 2012 \| doi = 10.1007/s12672-011-0100-8 \| PMID = 22187299 }}</ref>		Genes implicated in hyperparathyroidism:<ref name=pmid22187299>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Starker \| first1 = LF. \| last2 = Akerström \| first2 = T. \| last3 = Long \| first3 = WD. \| last4 = Delgado-Verdugo \| first4 = A. \| last5 = Donovan \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Udelsman \| first6 = R. \| last7 = Lifton \| first7 = RP. \| last8 = Carling \| first8 = T. \| title = Frequent germ-line mutations of the MEN1, CASR, and HRPT2/CDC73 genes in young patients with clinically non-familial primary hyperparathyroidism. \| journal = Horm Cancer \| volume = 3 \| issue = 1-2 \| pages = 44-51 \| month = Apr \| year = 2012 \| doi = 10.1007/s12672-011-0100-8 \| PMID = 22187299 }}</ref><ref name=pmid23652676>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Hendy \| first1 = GN. \| last2 = Cole \| first2 = DE. \| title = Genetic defects associated with familial and sporadic hyperparathyroidism. \| journal = Front Horm Res \| volume = 41 \| issue = \| pages = 149-65 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.1159/000345675 \| PMID = 23652676 }}</ref>
	*MEN1.		*MEN1.
	*CASR.		*CASR.
	*HRPT2/CDC73.		*HRPT2/CDC73.
			*CDKN1B.
			*RET.

	====Hypercalcemia DDx====		====Hypercalcemia DDx====

Michael: /* Overview in a table */

2019-03-18T23:27:04Z

Overview in a table

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:27, 18 March 2019
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	\| persistent hyperparathyroidism after renal transplant;<ref name=emed_hyperparathyroid_tertiary>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview#aw2aab6b6 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview#aw2aab6b6]. Accessed on: 24 January 2013.</ref> arises in the context of secondary hyperparathyroidism<ref name=pmid26163537>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Duan \| first1 = K. \| last2 = Gomez Hernandez \| first2 = K. \| last3 = Mete \| first3 = O. \| title = Clinicopathological correlates of hyperparathyroidism. \| journal = J Clin Pathol \| volume = 68 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 771-87 \| month = Oct \| year = 2015 \| doi = 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203186 \| PMID = 26163537 }}</ref>		\| persistent hyperparathyroidism after renal transplant;<ref name=emed_hyperparathyroid_tertiary>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview#aw2aab6b6 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview#aw2aab6b6]. Accessed on: 24 January 2013.</ref> arises in the context of secondary hyperparathyroidism<ref name=pmid26163537>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Duan \| first1 = K. \| last2 = Gomez Hernandez \| first2 = K. \| last3 = Mete \| first3 = O. \| title = Clinicopathological correlates of hyperparathyroidism. \| journal = J Clin Pathol \| volume = 68 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 771-87 \| month = Oct \| year = 2015 \| doi = 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203186 \| PMID = 26163537 }}</ref>
	\|}		\|}

			====Genetics====
			Genes implicated in hyperparathyroidism:<ref name=pmid22187299>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Starker \| first1 = LF. \| last2 = Akerström \| first2 = T. \| last3 = Long \| first3 = WD. \| last4 = Delgado-Verdugo \| first4 = A. \| last5 = Donovan \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Udelsman \| first6 = R. \| last7 = Lifton \| first7 = RP. \| last8 = Carling \| first8 = T. \| title = Frequent germ-line mutations of the MEN1, CASR, and HRPT2/CDC73 genes in young patients with clinically non-familial primary hyperparathyroidism. \| journal = Horm Cancer \| volume = 3 \| issue = 1-2 \| pages = 44-51 \| month = Apr \| year = 2012 \| doi = 10.1007/s12672-011-0100-8 \| PMID = 22187299 }}</ref>
			*MEN1.
			*CASR.
			*HRPT2/CDC73.

	====Hypercalcemia DDx====		====Hypercalcemia DDx====

Michael: /* Parathyroid carcinoma */ split out

2016-06-07T03:56:27Z

Parathyroid carcinoma: split out

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:56, 7 June 2016
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	==Parathyroid carcinoma==		==Parathyroid carcinoma==
	~~===General===~~		{{Main\|Parathyroid carcinoma}}
	*Extremely rare.

	~~===Microscopic===~~
	~~Features:<ref>~~{{~~Ref PBoD8~~\|~~1128}}</ref>~~
	*Histologically normal parathyroid cells.
	**Cytologic features '''not''' reliable for diagnosis.
	*Fibrous capsule.
	*Invasion of surrounding tissue - '''key feature'''.
	*+/-[[Metastasis]] - '''diagnostic feature'''.

	~~Note:~~
	*Diagnosis of ''parathyroid carcinoma'' is like that of ''malignant [[pheochromocytoma]]'' - cytology useless, tissue invasion and metastases are the key features.

	~~Image:~~
	*[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/280908-overview Parathyroid carcinoma ~~(medscape.com)].~~

	~~===IHC===~~
	*Ki-67 >6% of cells positive - supports diagnosis.<ref name=pmid7860042>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Abbona \| first1 = GC. \| last2 = Papotti \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Gasparri \| first3 = G. \| last4 = Bussolati \| first4 = G. \| title = Proliferative activity in parathyroid tumors as detected by Ki-67 immunostaining. \| journal = Hum Pathol \| volume = 26 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 135-8 \| month = Feb \| year = 1995 \| doi = \| PMID = 7860042 }}~~</ref>~~
	**Parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasias ~ 3%.

	=See also=		=See also=